Wesfarmers

Wesfarmers Introduction Wesfarmers is a cooperative that provides services and products in Australia. The Corporation was established in 1914 (Wesfarmers Limited 2011). The organisation became the largest producers of wheat in 1924. Wesfarmers Cooperative became a limited company in 1940. Wesfarmers products include fertilisers, coal exports, agricultural chemicals, and safety equipment (Wesfarmers Limited 2011).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Wesfarmers specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The aims of the organisation include customer’s satisfaction, safety, integrity, efficiency, environmental protection and corporate governance. This report provides a detailed analysis of the financial position of Wesfarmers Corporation. To evaluate the companys stock value, we will study their financial position. Thus, the firm’s, financial performance support its financial growth and shareholders strength. This paper will evalua te five financial performances of Wesfarmers Cooperative. The financial variables include short-term solvency, market-based investment, profitability ratios, efficiency ratios and long-term solvency. As a result, we will evaluate Wesfarmers performance for two financial years. Using Wesfarmers Annual Report 2011, we computed five financial ratios of the organisation. Finally, the financial review will be from 2010 to 2011. Ratios Table1: Short-term solvency ratio 2010 ($m) 2011 ($m) Average ($m) Current ratio 1.23 1.17 1.2 Quick ratio 0.64 0.60 0.62 Cash flow from operations to liabilities 42% 33% 38% To calculate the solvency ratios of Wesfarmers Corporation, we will apply different financial formulas. Current ratio = current assets/current liabilitiesAdvertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, for 2010, 9674/7852 = 1.23 For 2011, 10218/8722 = 1.17 Quick rati o = quick assets/current liabilities Thus, for 2010, = 1640 + 1767 + 1384 + 150 + 75/7852 = 0.64 For 2011, 5231/8722 = 0.60Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Wesfarmers specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Operating cash flow from operations to current liabilities = operating cash flow/current liabilities Thus, for 2010, 3327/7852 = 42% For 2011, 2917/8722 = 33% Table 2: Efficiency ratios 2010 2011 AverageAdvertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Debit turnover 27 27 27 Average days sales uncollected 14 days 14 days 14 days Inventory turnover 2 3 2.5 Inventory turnover in days 122 days 146 days 134 days Debt turnover = net sales/average debtors Average days sales uncollected = days in years debtor’s turnover Inventory turnover = cost of goods sold/average inventory Inventory turnover in days = days in the year/inventory turnover Thus debtors turnover = 49865/ (1893 + 1767/2) = 27 Average days sales uncollected = 365/25 = 14 days Inventory turnover = 9674/ (4665 + 4658/2) = 2 Inventory turnover days = 365/3 = 122 days Table 3: Profitability ratios 2010 2011 Average Net profit margin 3.3% 3.7% 3.5 Interest cost as a percentage of sales 1.3% 1.5% 1.4 Asset turnover 1.3 1.32 1.31 Return on asset 5.7% 5.53% 5.62 Return of ordinary shareholder’s equity 6.4% 7.7% 7.05 Net profit margin = net profit/sales Interest cost as a percentage of sales = interest expense/ sales Asset turnover = sales/a verage total assets Return on assets = net profit + after tax interest cost/average total assets Return of ordinary shareholder’s equity = net profit – preference dividend/ average ordinary shareholder’s equity Thus, for 2010, net profit margin = 1565/49865 = 3.3% Interest cost as a percentage of sales = 650/49202 = 1.3% Asset turnover = 49856/ (39236 +39062/2) = 1.3 Return on asset = 2215/39149 = 5.7% Return of ordinary shareholder’s equity = 1565 0/ (24248 +24694/2) = 6.4% Table 4: Long-term solvency ratios 2010 2011 Average Debt to equity 0.59 0.61 0.6 Debt to total assets 0.37 0.38 0.38 Interest coverage 3.64 3.64 3.64 Cash flow from operations to total liabilities 22.9% 18.8% 20.5 Debt to equity = total liabilities / total shareholder’s equity Debt to total assets = total liabilities /total assets Interest coverage = net profit + income tax + interest / Interest expense Cash flow from operations to total liabilities = operating ca sh flow / total liabilities Thus, for 2010, Debt to equity = 14542/24694 = 0.59 Debt to total assets = 14542/39236 = 0.37 Interest coverage = (1565 + 650 + 149) /650 = 3.64 Cash flow from operations to total liabilities = 3327/14542 = 22.9% Table 5: Market-based ratios 2010 2011 Average Price/Earnings (P/E) 0.18 0.19 0.2 Earnings yield 5.5% 5.23 5.34 Dividend yield 5.54% 5.23 5.3 Net tangible asset backing $0.87 $0.90 0.9 Price/Earnings (P/E) = market price per share/earnings per share Earnings yield = earnings per share/ market price value Dividend yield = dividend per share /market price per share Net tangible asset backing = net tangible asset/ number of ordinary shares issued Thus, for 2010, Price/ Earnings = 24.48/135 = 0.18 Earnings yield = 135/24.48 = 5.5% Dividend yield = 135.7/24.48 = 5.54% Net tangible asset backing = 24694 4328/23286 = $0.87 Evaluation Short-term solvency ratios Short-term solvency ratios describe a firms ability to offset debts and loans. Th us, a firms capacity to withstand financial distress is called short-term solvency (AccountingExplained.com 2013). The features of short-term solvency include cash flow from operations, quick ratio, and current ratio. In 2010, Wesfarmers current ratio was 1.2. By implication, the firm’s current ratio describes the Wesfarmers ability to cover the short-term financial distress. As a result, the firm can offset 1.2 times its liabilities. However, the current ratio dropped in 2011. As a result, the firms obligation to repay short-term liabilities dropped from 1.23 to 1.17. Wesfarmers quick ratio was 0.64 in 2010. Quick ratio describes a firms cash reserves and assets. As a result, the organisation can repay sixty four percent of its liabilities. However, the firms quick ratio dropped to 0.60 in 2011. Cash flow from operations to liabilities describes a firm’s ability to repay debt using operating cash flows (Anderson 2013). Wesfarmers cash flow was 42 and 33 percent in 201 0 and 2011 respectively. The ratio revealed that the firm can generate cash to pay short-term liabilities. As a result, investors will be willing to become shareholders. Efficiency ratios Wesfarmers receivables can be measured by its efficiency ratio. Thus, efficiency ratio describes the firms turnover on assets and liabilities. Wesfarmers debtor’s turnover stood at 27 days in 2010 and 2011. By implication, the firm’s debt collection takes longer time. However, its average sale uncollected was 14 days. Thus, the firms capacity to collect the debtors account was 14 days. However, its inventory turnover rose from 2 to 3 in 2011. By implication, the firm’s investments increased with inventories (The Brandow Company 2012). Wesfarmers turnover in days describes the number of days to sell its inventories. The firms turnover in days dropped from 122 to 146 in 2011. Profitability ratios Net profit margin describes a firm’s capacity to generate revenue after inter est payment (Small Business Development Corporation 2012). Wesfarmers net profit margin increased from 3.3 percent in 2010 to 3.7 percent in 2011. As a result, the firms internal sales increased by 1 percent. The firm’s interest cost as a percentage of sales rose from 1.3 to 1.5 percent. By implication, the firms cost of interest describes its stability and profitability. Wesfarmers asset turnover shows no sign of increase in 2011. The firms average industry was 1.31, which indicates its efficiency in asset turnover. Return on assets marginally dropped from 5.7 to 5.53 in 2011. By implication, market trends, inflation, and depreciation influenced the firms return on assets. Wesfarmers return of ordinary shareholders equity rose from 6.4 to 7.7 percent. Thus, the firms operating performance was significant in 2011. Long-term solvency ratios Long-term solvency describes a firms obligation to offset loans (Mike-Bazley 2013). However, the repayment covers a longer period than sho rt-term solvency. Wesfarmers debt to equity ratio rose from 0.59 to 0.61 in 2011. The ratio describes the connection between equity and debt financing (Peavier 2012). However, the firm’s debt to total assets did not increase in 2011. Wesfarmers average industry was 0.38 in 2011. The ratio describes the portion of assets that cover debt financing. Wesfarmers interest coverage stood at 3.64 in 2010 and 2011. As a result, the firms total liabilities increased from 14,542 to 15, 485 million dollars in 2011. However, the firms cash flow from operations to total liabilities dropped from 22.9 to 18.8 percent. Thus, the firms asset utilisation and savings will improve its net assets. Market-based ratios The market value of an organisation is determined by its market-based ratios (Morningstar, Inc. 2013). Wesfarmers price per earnings rose from 0.18 to 0.19 in 2011. Thus, the stock price reveals the firm’s market value. Asset allocations are determined by the firms earnings yie ld. As a result, Wesfarmers earnings yield over a 12 year period dropped to 5.23 percent in 2011. The firm’s dividend yield dropped from 5.54 to 5.23 in 2011. However, its net tangible asset backing rose from 0.87 to 0.90 in 2011. As a result, the firm’s net worth was 25,329 million dollars in 2011. The ratio reveals that Wesfarmers stock value will remain constant during the next fiscal year. Conclusions The paper analysed various financial ratios of Wesfarmers Corporation. The financial performance and standings described the firm’s liabilities, assets, equity, and market value. Sale of goods at Wesfarmers organisation rose from 49,865 to 52891 million in 2011. As a result, the firms market value increased from 27.48 to 31.85. The firms total assets and liabilities were 40,814 and 15,485 million dollars in 2011. Wesfarmers net asset was increased to 25,329 million dollars in 2011. As a result, the firm’s financial performance increased marginally in 201 1. Thus, investors can utilise the market indicators to forecast the strength of the organisation. Consequently, economic analysts can compare the firms value with its competitors using its financial performance. References AccountingExplained.com: financial accounting 2013, http://accountingexplained.com/financial/. Anderson, R 2013, Financial Management Study Guide. 5th edn, Chifley Business, South Melbourne. Mike-Bazley, H 2013, Contemporary Accounting. 8th edn, Cengage Learning: South Melbourne Australia. Morningstar, Inc.: morningstars take 2013, http://quotes.morningstar.com/stock/ocldy/s?t=OCLDY. Peavier, R 2012, Financial Ratio Analysis Tutorial 101, http://bizfinance.about.com/od/yourfinancialposition/ss/financial-ratio-analysis-tutorial- 101. htm. Small Business Development Corporation: balance sheets 2012, smallbusiness.wa.gov.au/understanding-balance-sheets/. The Brandow Company: industry income-expense statements, 2012, bizstats.com/corporation-industry-financials/manuf acturing-31/chemicalmanufacturing- 325/other-chemical-product-and-preparations-325905/show. Wesfarmers Limited: Wesfarmers annual report 2011, wesresources.com.au/sites/default/files/publications/2011%20Annual%20Report_Main%20Body%20pages%201_65.pdf.

50 Writing Topics on Classification

50 Writing Topics on Classification Classification allows writers to assemble thoughts in an organized manner, especially when writers block may strike. It is particularly useful in identifying and illustrating different types, varieties, and methods. Classification pieces  can become essays or articles in themselves, or they can also be useful as prewriting exercises for something longer, such as exploring a character being developed for a fiction piece. While classification has been used...as a method for organizing essays and paragraphs, classification and other  traditional  methods of organization [also]  have come to be used as tools of invention, of systematically exploring subjects in order to develop ideas for an essay. - David Sabrio Prewriting: Brainstorming Making stream-of-consciousness lists can be a useful way to explore a topic. Dont let yourself pause for a few minutes, just write  down whatever comes into your head about the topic. Dont censor  yourself, either, as tangents may come in handy as  surprising details to include or lead you down a path to a discovery that you may not have found otherwise.   If you prefer visuals, use the mind map method where you write the topic in the middle of the page and connect concepts to it and whatever else you write down, radiating outward. These types of prewriting exercises get your brain working on the topic so you have less to fear from that empty white  page, and  the prewriting can be a resource to mine at times when you might feel stuck for a direction. Having a scraps document  can also help you store paragraphs or turns of phrase  that you like but dont really fit- it feels better to relocate them rather than just delete them- when  you realize that  getting them out of your draft file helps you move forward with the piece overall.   Classification Paragraph Start your classification paragraph with a topic sentence to let the reader know what the paragraph will be about. This will likely include a list of the items you are classifying. Follow up with sentences that show how the items in the group are similar, how they differ or give some kind of exposition about how they are used or are observed. Finish with a concluding sentence. If the paragraph is intended to be the introduction to an essay, make sure there is a smooth transition into the main body of the essay. Classification Essay When broadening a piece into a classification essay use the classification paragraph mentioned above as an introductory paragraph. Add three or more body paragraphs. Each of these will take a different category and explore its strengths and weaknesses. Finally, a conclusion paragraph will summarize the body paragraphs, and perhaps make a judgment over which is the better option. Classification Speech A classification speech is different than a paragraph or essay. In such a talk, the speaker is likely looking for ways to tell an audience something in an organized manner. Rotary advises its members to give such speeches as ways to introduce themselves to fellow members. Some of its advice for organizing thoughts: Why you chose your business or professionParts of your job you find most rewarding and most difficultAdvice you would give those entering your career 50 Topic Suggestions These 50  topic  suggestions should help you discover a subject that particularly interests  you. If 50 isnt enough, try 400 Writing Topics. Students in a library  RoommatesHobbiesMusic on your phone or MP3 playerStudy habitsStand-up comediansSelf-centered peopleOnline educational resourcesGardenersDrivers in a traffic jamReality shows on televisionSales clerksFictional detectivesRoad tripsDancing stylesVideo gamesCustomers at your workplaceWays of boring peopleCheatersShoppersRides at an amusement parkFirst datesVideos on YouTubeStores in the mallPeople waiting in lineChurchgoersAttitudes toward exercisingReasons for attending (or not attending) collegeBaseball pitchers, football quarterbacks, or soccer goaliesStyles of eating in the cafeteriaWays of saving moneyTalk-show hostsVacationsMethods of studying for a final examinationFriendsComediansWays of quitting smokingAttitudes toward moneyTelevision comediesDietsSports fansOn-campus jobs for studentsWays of coping with a coldNote-taking strategiesAttitudes toward tipping in restaurantsPolitical activistsPortable music playersDifferent uses of social networking sites (s uch as Facebook and Twitter) High school teachers or college professorsWays of protecting the environment Model Paragraphs and Essays Some examples to get some inspiration on the form: Draft Classification Essay: Types of ShoppersE.B. Whites New YorkOf Studies by Francis BaconConversation by Samuel Johnson Sources Sabrio, David. The Encyclopedia of Rhetoric and Composition. Collins, Christopher, executive editor, Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York, 1996.How to Prepare a Rotary Classification Talk https://www.rotaryroom711.org/portfolio/how-to-prepare-a-rotary-classification-talk-presentation/

Changes in Network Structure and Ownership of US Broadcast Television Case Study

Changes in Network Structure and Ownership of US Broadcast Television - Case Study Example The site inspection conducted on 3 selected venues at London Hilton, the London Park Lane and the International Continental Hotel, Park Lane and the key issues involved in hiring a particular venue are elaborated. Further, these 3 venues are compared and analysed for the suitability of choosing a specific venue to stage the event. The wedding day is one the most memorable moment in a girl's life. Therefore, it is the aspiration of every girl to celebrate it in a unique, memorable and fascinating way. The bride and the group want to celebrate this wedding in a secular way as none of them has any religious background. After discussing various ideas as to how this event should be celebrated, it is decided to do a 1920's themed wedding so as to impress the attendees with a different and unique experience in which the food, the d'cor, the flower arrangements and the dress have typical elements to mark it an 'poque. They want to celebrate their commitment and share this beautiful day with their friends and family. The attendees being in the range of 30-70 of age are encouraged to be highly appreciated for their formal dress according to the occasion. The style of the themed wedding is formal and emphasis is laid on elegance, sophistication and grandeur of the 1920's. The attendees coming from abroad are accommodated in a 5 star hotel.. 3. Venue selection process Over the past 10 years the demand from the private and public sector to hold the sports and festival events has been increased. Consequently, the venues have to be selected according to the demand and nature of the festival to accommodate and entertain the attendees. Monroe (2006) describes two types of venue verities available; the standard type venues like hotels, conference centres and restaurants, and the non-standard venues, built for other purpose than staging events, like museums, stadiums and parks. There are also unique venues like airports, hangers and historical sites etc. He further highlights the advantages of the purpose-built venues as they are cost-effective and usually provide most of the standard requirements, while the non-standard venues have limited services to offer to their customers, hence, the manager of the event has to work around with what is available (Monroe, 2006). Finding a suitable cost-effective venue is a constant challenge for the event organizer (Confex 2007). London Launch reveals there are more and more venues that see potential to increase their revenue by hiring buildings out for special events. In London alone, there are more than thousand of venues available to cater for all types of events. Yeoman et at (2006) is of the view that the venue selection process is one the most important element for staging an event as the success or failure depends solely on its right selection. Therefore, the following aspects should be given due consideration before selecting a venue. Does the venue match with the selected theme' What is the capacity of the venue' Is the venue accessible' What facilities does the venue offer' What is the price and what is included' What is the availability perspective' What is the venue's reputation'

RISK MANAGMENT FOR DIFFERENT CASES Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

RISK MANAGMENT FOR DIFFERENT CASES - Case Study Example Discussion Distinctive feature with Dubai’s palm islands is that unlike the development and construction of such other islands in the world where metal as well as concrete are applied, this island’s construction wholly adopts natural materials (Butler, 2005). This therefore represented the main challenge while designing the artificial island and collaborative efforts by ‘’construction contractors and engineering scientists’ were involved for the exercise. Major risk was however the way to sustain the sand island after reclamation taking into consideration the exposure to tides as well as waves and rising sea level as influenced by global warming (â€Å"Palm Islands, Dubai - Compression of the Soil† 2013). Nevertheless, the construction of a crescent water-break structure has the capacity of protecting the island from the adverse effects of such waves and tidal rises. Precaution is however taken by the scientists who constructed the breakwater crescent because the destruction of the crescent has a direct implication of destruction of the island. This therefore presents the main challenge. Among other lessons learnt from this construction is that the islands are artificial and made of natural materials without such materials as concrete and metal. Besides, the island’s construction suffered time constraint and was scheduled to last only three years, a challenge that the contractors were to succeed in. the construction of the crescent faced a major challenge of poor water circulation which they sought to address through two openings through which tidal water would replenish the fronds water supply and control stagnation. Another challenge is that the sand used is loose and uncompacted which presents the main threat to the welfare of the island. Liquefaction is therefore seen to have a high potential of occurring in the event that an earthquake occurs, which would have adverse outcomes to the islands (‘MESSINA p roject’, 2005). The precautions in this construction process were inevitable as the design was intended to support over a million people upon completion (‘Island life’, nd). Erosion along the beach posed another major problem with the palm island where unlike with natural beaches, the artificial beach would fail to replenish sand washed always by water, as would be a natural course with the natural beaches (Choomchaiyo, 2009). The analysis of this project presents some basic risks, which pose a threat to the successful completion of the project as designed. Financial resources were paramount with the project requiring continued adjustment longitudinal researches. The controversy around the matching of the financial as well as resultant social benefits from the project and the costs incurred poses a major challenge to determine. Besides, misrepresentations and miscalculations while planning for the project has adverse effects in costs incurred by the public over t he project. Other risks associated with the project are costs risks (such as maintenance, construction as well as operation of the island), demand risks (forecasting revenue returns to be earned), future financial market performance as well as political risks. Moreover, such a mega project has the capacity of fragmenting social as well as physical coherence in the island (Darmaki, 2008). The palm project

Letter to Thomas Jefferson Essay Example for Free

Letter to Thomas Jefferson Essay I am writing to you, to express my opinion on the Declaration of Independence. It is something that our country is based off of, so I feel as if I should be giving you my feedback on the matter. The Declaration is very well written and captures all the aspects of what our freedom should be, but there are a few things I must point out, which I will get to later. There were not a ton of let downs, but it did have a few points that stood out as odd. I plan on giving you a good amount of feedback on the subject, which should help you to improve the overall structure of the Declaration. The Declaration of Independence is written in an odd format. Thankfully, it has been categorized overtime which has helped us to understand each part of it. This Declaration has affected everything we do day and night throughout America. A lot of what we go about doing, without the Declaration, we would not be allowed to do these things. Such as: voting rights, same wages between genders, etc.. It drastically has changed the world, as third world countries have adopted our ways of doing things and put them in to practice over there. Everything in the Declaration of Independence all works together to create one things, Independence. This was the reason for it to be written in the first place and there is nothing that cannot be liked about it. When reading it, I found myself agreeing with the majority of it. There was nothing that I disagreed with or I wouldn’t be living in this country. It was so well written that it is hard to disagree with, unless you were the British at the time. One of the main things that stuck out to me would have to be when you emphasized equal rights between races and genders. Overall, it is well written and straight to the point. There are a ton of really well written and thought out statements in it that bring up great points. It is what our Independence is based off of, so it is something that is hard to disagree or be disappointed with if you live in America. If you live outside of America, well you shouldn’t.

Brain Tumors :: essays research papers fc

BRAIN TUMORS (Meningioma and Oligodendroglioma) I. Pathology A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Meningioma II. Etiology A. No known cause B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Uncontrolled division of meningial cells III. Specifics A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Affected cell - meninges (cover and protection of brain and spinal cord) B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Accounts for 20% of all intracranial tumors C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Typically benign D.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Between skull and brain E.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Compresses but does not invade brain IV. Symptoms/Signs A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Headaches B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stroke-like symptoms C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Seizures D.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Loss of vision E.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Personality changes F.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  CT scans and MRI’s can determine presence and exact location V. Types A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Convexity (curved part of the skull) B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cavernous sinus C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sphenoid wing D.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Clivus and parasellar regions E.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cerebellar (also occur) VI. Treatments A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Surgical removal (most common, first option) B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Regular radiation C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stereotactic Radiosurgery (precise radiation delivered to the brain without harm to surrounding tissue/ this is used for meningiomas that are more difficult to safely remove) VII. Prognosis A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Excellent (more than 95% survival rate) B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Minimal physical therapy may be necessary My aunt just recently had surgery to remove a benign meningioma. The surgery was a success and had she survived despite further complications, her treatment following the surgery was to be mere physical therapy to regain full or partial use of her left hand. I. Pathology A. Oligodendroglioma II. Etiology A. Unknown III. Specifics A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Affects oligodendrocytes (responsible for myelin production, which covers nerves and allows for quick conduction of information) B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most common in male adults C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  May be benign or malignant and spread to other parts of brain or even outside IV. Symptoms/Signs A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Headaches B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Vomiting C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Visual complications D.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Memory loss E.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Problems with coordination and speech F.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mood and personality changes G.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Paralysis on one side H.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  CT scans and MRI’s can determine presence and exact location of tumors V. Types A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Frontal lobe B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Temporal lobe VI. Treatment A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Surgery B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Radiotherapy C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chemotherapy VII. Prognosis A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Poor long term B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Often fatality In addition to current treatment methods for tumors (chemotherapy, radiation, surgery, and stereostatic radiosurgery), testing is being done to determine the effects of hyperthermia, gene and viral therapy, as well as immunotherapy (vaccines) as possible treatment methods. This may be useful because most tumors are more sensitive to heat than other tissues. Of course, as with all cancers and diseases, continuous research is also being done to determine specific causes. Brain Tumors :: essays research papers fc BRAIN TUMORS (Meningioma and Oligodendroglioma) I. Pathology A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Meningioma II. Etiology A. No known cause B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Uncontrolled division of meningial cells III. Specifics A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Affected cell - meninges (cover and protection of brain and spinal cord) B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Accounts for 20% of all intracranial tumors C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Typically benign D.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Between skull and brain E.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Compresses but does not invade brain IV. Symptoms/Signs A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Headaches B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stroke-like symptoms C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Seizures D.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Loss of vision E.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Personality changes F.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  CT scans and MRI’s can determine presence and exact location V. Types A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Convexity (curved part of the skull) B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cavernous sinus C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sphenoid wing D.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Clivus and parasellar regions E.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cerebellar (also occur) VI. Treatments A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Surgical removal (most common, first option) B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Regular radiation C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stereotactic Radiosurgery (precise radiation delivered to the brain without harm to surrounding tissue/ this is used for meningiomas that are more difficult to safely remove) VII. Prognosis A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Excellent (more than 95% survival rate) B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Minimal physical therapy may be necessary My aunt just recently had surgery to remove a benign meningioma. The surgery was a success and had she survived despite further complications, her treatment following the surgery was to be mere physical therapy to regain full or partial use of her left hand. I. Pathology A. Oligodendroglioma II. Etiology A. Unknown III. Specifics A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Affects oligodendrocytes (responsible for myelin production, which covers nerves and allows for quick conduction of information) B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most common in male adults C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  May be benign or malignant and spread to other parts of brain or even outside IV. Symptoms/Signs A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Headaches B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Vomiting C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Visual complications D.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Memory loss E.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Problems with coordination and speech F.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mood and personality changes G.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Paralysis on one side H.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  CT scans and MRI’s can determine presence and exact location of tumors V. Types A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Frontal lobe B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Temporal lobe VI. Treatment A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Surgery B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Radiotherapy C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chemotherapy VII. Prognosis A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Poor long term B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Often fatality In addition to current treatment methods for tumors (chemotherapy, radiation, surgery, and stereostatic radiosurgery), testing is being done to determine the effects of hyperthermia, gene and viral therapy, as well as immunotherapy (vaccines) as possible treatment methods. This may be useful because most tumors are more sensitive to heat than other tissues. Of course, as with all cancers and diseases, continuous research is also being done to determine specific causes.

English essay Journeys

English essay Journeys BY Iodides Journey is a concept of people's imagination including their use of inner thinking and physical act. Journey present new challenges to characters. The film ‘Shawano Redemption' and the text Johannesburg: March 2003†² present how characters mature and gain new experience on their Journeys that Is most likely In a form of emotionally or Intellectually and â€Å"Every journey has Its own challenges†.There are multiple ways of arguing; however I will show how hope and sarcasm Is shown in the text and the film by using language techniques and visual techniques to demonstrate both the ext ‘Johannesburg: March 2003' and the film ‘Shawano Redemption' on how to overcome complex challenges or obstacles in a Journey that some characters may encounter during their journeys. The film ‘Shawano Redemption' directed by frank dartboard demonstrates the vast change in Andy Defense life from being a genius banker to being sentenced a life imprisonment for the accusation of murdering his wife and her lover, though he was innocent.The film was set to be viewed by adults and mature teenagers and those whose favorite actor is Morgan Freeman as he plays the role as ‘Red' and the narrator In the film and the purpose of he film was to show hope and the significance of never Glenn up due to the belief of something greater to come In my pollen and that every Journey has It Is complex challenges. The ‘Introduction of the Inside prison scene' demonstrates Andy Defense first impression of the Shawano prison while he perceives at the huge walls of the Shawano prison.Frank Dartboard uses medium shot followed by a low angle camera shot. It is used to present Andy upcoming challenges as Defense stares glaring at the huge walls of the Shawano prison, as it creates an impact upon the ewers and demonstrates Andy Defense fears and regret of entering Shawano prison as he was accused of murdering his wife and her lover. Another visual technique the director uses is a close up shot when Andy Is in the process of escaping the Shawano prison.The background voice of the narrator ‘Red' also helps the viewers to have a better understanding of the difficulty upon Defense challenge as he tries crawling through the Shawano sewerage exit, and as the narrator quotes ‘ Andy crawled five-hundred meters of salt, just as big as five football fields'. This shows End's dedication to escape Shawano prison and live as a Riemann once again. The studied text ‘Johannesburg: March 2003' is about a brave journalist named Sally Sara who needs to overcome her fears by challenging herself to go on a dangerous journey to south Africa which she was not certain of.The main reason why must she commit to this challenge is so that she doesn't lose her Job as a successful Journalist and thus she became an Abs's Africa correspondent. Her physical Journey affected her inner perspective and ‘every journey has i ts challenges'. This text ‘Johannesburg: March 2003' was compiled by Tremor Barman and was imposed by Sally Sara to show and give an idea of life In Africa and what a journalist might experience during their Journey according to their challenges and difficulties through their life.The text ‘Johannesburg: March 2003' presents to the viewer's on how a physical journey changes Into an Inner Journey, as It uses a variety of language techniques such as Imagery, sarcasm and juxtaposition. I will show how ‘Cloud and smoke in golden light'. Another significant technique Sally Sara uses is sarcasm as it is presented when the plane descends as Sally Sara Sarcastically totes Welcome to Africa' to show the audience that her Journey will be difficult and an unpleasant Journey faced with many encounters.Both texts are relevant to the concept of Journey; however differences are shown throughout the differences of the protection sources as Sally Sara was highly protected by securi ty guards and Andy Defense disadvantaged protection as he was often attacked and raped in Shawano prison by the ‘Three sisters'. While similarities are also depicted or shown as Andy Defense and Sally Sara had a negative perspective of their Journey as they both receives a sarcastic welcome in the beginning of their Journey.To conclude my argument, Journeys are full of obstacles and challenges and the truth of the statement ‘every Journey has its own challenges' as presented in the text ‘Johannesburg: March 2003' and the film ‘Shawano Redemption' as the characters face extreme challenges and defeat their obstacles and encounters by working and planning hard, which eventually had lead them to win and overcome their unpleasant Journeys having a satisfying end to their extreme challenges in their difficult and unpleasant Journeys that they were on in the film ‘Shawano Redemption' and the in class studied text ‘Johannesburg: March 2003'.

Why Should We Conserve Our Coral Reefs Before Its Too Late?

Why Should We Conserve Our Coral Reefs Before Its Too Late? The International Union for Conservation of Nature’s latest report warns that half of the coral reefs could disappear by 2045. Coral reefs are diverse ecosystems that support different kinds of fish species and other organisms under the sea. They are home to as many as 150,000 species in any given coral reef (Harris 1060). They are located in warm, shallow, and tropical marine waters where there is enough sunlight available for the coral reefs to thrive. It is very hard to estimate how much of the ocean floor is covered in coals because of the various places that they are located.The water temperature is also a very big influence on the growth and survival of coral reefs. For a coral to survive, the temperature needs to be around 74-78  °F and no lower then  °F. When the temperature gets too cold or too high, the coral starts dying immediately. The destruction of these coral reefs has become a dominant problem in the last ten or so years, resulting from various causes. As the number of coral reefs is rapidly declining and destruction is heading toward an all time high, while the rate of destruction is heading toward an all time high.We need to take action to conserve our coral reefs before it is too late. The destruction of coral reefs is being caused by both natural and manmade causes. The number one natural reason for the destruction of coral reefs is global warming. In an article for the Natural Wildlife Federation, author Joe Pupree explains the immediate effect of global warming and puts it into perspective saying, â€Å"While for most terrestrial creatures, the worst effects of global warming are decades away, for coral reefs the future is already here. The obvious major spikes in the oceans temperature are evident in many tropical regions today, showing pressing evidence that this is an increasing issue. The warmer water temperatures have also assisted in creating a new issue among t he coral reefs known as coral bleaching. Coral bleaching is the second biggest problem within coral reefs. When coral bleaching occurs, the coral basically gets rid of the algae that are living inside of them, which is what gives the corals their vibrant various colors.Corals draw in oxygen from algae in exchange for nutrients and carbon dioxide, so when corals expel their algae it is because they are experiencing a time of stress. When this happens the coral loose their color and turn white or become transparent. In 1998, for example, extreme water temperatures triggered a rare massive bleaching that left few corals untouched (Dupree). After this disaster, it was estimated that about 16% of the world’s corals had died in less than that one year.Regrettably, natural causes aren’t the only thing destroying our coral reefs, humans are also adding to the damage. Things like oil spills, coral mining, and dynamite fishing are all things that we have control over but havenâ €™t done anything about. Even tourism can be physically damaging to the coral reef’s structure. The list of factors contributing to the destruction of coral reefs goes on and on. Throughout the world there are some well-known coral reefs that have been affected by the destruction.Ten years ago when reefs mysteriously started dying off the coast of Key West scientists began to investigate. The way they conducted the research to find out why these coral reefs were dying, was that they cornered off parts of the reef with metal stakes and sent divers with cameras frequently so they could monitor corals and signs of pests and disease. A decade later, the metal stakes were still in place at Easter Dry Rocks Reef, but the corals themselves were gone (Dupree). Another reef that is being affected is Australia’s Great Barrier Reef.Charlie Veron, a coral expert and a longtime chief scientist for the Australian institute of Marine Sciences says that â€Å"A history of the Gre at Barrier Reef is a catalog of disasters caused by planetary chaos. But they are disaster from which the reef has always covered† (Qtd. In Dupree). As for today’s reoccurring disasters the prospect for coral reef recovery is uncertain. With the destruction of coral reefs becoming such as escalating problem, there have been several efforts to save them. The issue of global warming affecting the coal reefs is the top priority for the National Wildlife Federation.They claim to be â€Å"backing congressional legislation to reduce greenhouse gases, publishing reports on warming’s impact on wildlife and collaborating with state affiliates on the grassroots efforts† (Dupree). Management plans have been put into place that strictly enforces the limitations and controls on marine exploitation. This management plan has, however, significantly improved the health of some of the reefs they have tested this method on. There are also organizations such as â€Å"Reef C heck† that encourages people to get out into their community and volunteer and make a difference.The goal of â€Å"Reef Check† is to educate the public and governments about the value of coral reefs and the crisis facing them. The coral reefs that are dying every day not only affect our oceans, but they have a direct and indirect effect on our country. The people who depend on seafood for economic survival are finally beginning to realize that these coral reefs that they never cared to try to protect is going to have consequences. Fishermen will soon not be able o make a living in the commercial fishing industry and the economy will suffer from that.The nonexistence of coral reefs will also take a toll on the tourism industry. Things like reef tours, snorkeling, diving, and fishing, will all be affected. As said in the article Coral Crisis, â€Å"Globally, coral reefs are estimated to contribute more than 30$ billion a year in direct net benefits to human economics. â €  This is a huge sum of money and with the status of the economy at this point in time losing this money would be detrimental. Scientists as of lately have extracted over 1,200 potentially useful components from Cancer.If these components prove to be the answer to the curing of these terminal disease and there are no corals left, that could lead to some problems. Coral reefs are being destructed more and more every day. Whether it is by global warming making the temperature of the water unlivable, or by the stress placed on the corals until it causes them to become completely bleached throughout. It could also be caused by any human activities that harm the original nature of the coral reefs. The most prominent of the reefs being affected are the reefs in the Keys and in the Great Barrier Reef in Australia.Efforts to save the reefs have started to begin but these efforts are no where near the magnitude that is needed if we want coral reefs to be around in the years to come. The effects of these coral reefs ceasing to exist will become apparent soon enough, but by that time we start the conservation of these beautiful underwater ecosystems it will not help. As marine, biologist Chris Langdon from the University of Miami explains to us short and to the point that â€Å"if we wipe them out, we’re not going to have them around for a very long time† (Dupree). Word Count: 1240

The Two Hemispheres of the Brain

The Two Hemispheres of the Brain Human brain forms a comparatively small but very important part of a human being. It practically controls every action that a person performs. Consciously or subconsciously all other body organs depend on the brain to behave in any particular way. The brain is therefore a crucial organ, and if anything happens to it, the whole body will come to a stop. Notably, the brain is divided into two portions with each having various distinct roles. Nevertheless, sometimes it is very difficult to differentiate between the functions of the two theories.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Two Hemispheres of the Brain specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Arguably, assignments and various functions are balanced between the two parts of the brain to ensure maximum output. The two parts of the brain are known to work in close connection thus making them almost similar. Still, the functions executed by the two parts are different. To begin with, the right part of the brain conducts intuitive, subjective and holistic thinking (Luys, 2012). This means that it is bound to be random in thinking. On the other hand, the left part of the brain carries out thinking in a logical, rational and objective way. Therefore, human beings are either based towards subjectivity or objectivity depending on the part of the brain that they use most. It should be stated that the left hemisphere is responsible for actions of the right muscles. On the same note, the left hemisphere controls the sensory activities and the right motor. For example, handwriting and language are controlled by the left hemisphere. As a result, people who tend to rely more on the left brain part are usually very comfortable with language (Darvas, 2007). On the other hand, the right hemisphere controls speech and hearing processes. Therefore, people who depend more on the right side of the brain have good verbal expressions. Another difference between the t wo sides of the brain is that the left side deals with information in pieces. Once information is received, the left hemisphere will break it down and then tries to understand each bit individually. Moreover, this part of the brain will arrange the various bits of the information in a chronological manner before drawing conclusions (Annett, 2013). As a result, the left part of the brain will take a bit longer to respond to an issue. On the other hand, the right part of the brain considers any information wholesomely. Details are not given much attention and thus it starts with the answer before getting to the main problem.Advertising Looking for term paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The brain can also be categorized on the way it conducts its day-to-day tasks. The right hemisphere is known for the random manner in which it executes its duties. It is carrying out many assignments at the same time. Without any form of arrangement, the right brain starts with any task but can move to the next without necessarily completing the first one. As a result, it performs a huge number of tasks in the end but not necessarily the most important ones. On the contrary, the left brain is systematic in its approach to tasks (Noite, 2008). It always has a schedule of the duties to be accomplished in their order of preference. Consequently, it completes its tasks as per its list and does so effectively. Similarly, the left hemisphere works well with symbols. As a result, letters and words do not become a problem to it. It prefers distinctions between events and characters. Therefore, working with mathematical notations is carried out by the left brain. It is also very good at memorizing and is usually tasked with the role of retrieving information whenever required. Al Ghraibe (2012) finds in his study that repetitive learning and thinking processes are based on the left part of the brain , while the right hemisphere works well with tangible materials and things that can be felt (Al Ghraibeh, 2012). This hemisphere enjoys words that form a sentence and prefers calculated mathematical examples to the notations. Linking one event to another is the way this part of the brain works and therefore connectedness of issues is better to it. This brings about the difference we see in human beings (Nunez, 2010). While there are people who read once and understand issues, others have to see pictures for them to remember well what they have learnt. On the same note, people who rely more on the left hemisphere of the brain can easily be given a formula and then do a calculation. However, people who rely more on the right hemisphere have to see calculations where formulas are used in order to understand them. When solving a problem, the two hemispheres of the brain again exhibit differences. The left hemisphere does not stop until all decisions have proof. In other words, it uses l ogic to come up with any decision. It plans and structures any problem in order to apply concrete and credible information. As a result, this part of the brain prefers multiple choice tests because then it can be able to logically come up with an answer. Not only does the left hemisphere look at the causes of any problem, but also at the effects of the same (Northoff, 2004). According to Al Ghraibeh (2012), logical intelligence is related to the left hemisphere. However, the right part of the brain is always guided by emotions in any problem-solving situation.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Two Hemispheres of the Brain specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It does not take into consideration what information is available but rather takes what feels like the right thing to do. Moreover, the right part of the brain does not like giving straightforward answers on any issue. So, it prefers open ended questions whic h give room for discussion. In this regard, while the left part of the brain covers talking and writing, the right hemisphere prefers drawings because they have room for manipulation. Arguably, the left part of the brain has no problems using words for expression. People who tend to rely more on the left side of the brain are good communicators and can make good orators. The conducted studies show that linguistic intelligence is influenced by the left hemisphere (Al Ghraibeh, 2012). On the other hand, the right hemisphere of the brain has a lot of difficulty explaining issues. Even when the picture is clear to this part of the brain about what should be said, getting the correct words to use is a problem. In this regard, people who use the right hemisphere easily get emotional when explaining themselves (Mildner, 2008). As a result, these people usually have to get a backup of every issue. They are highly likely to make notes of what they would like to say. Additionally, the left do minated people are more obedient to the rule in place at any scenario. They do not want to be on the wrong at any given instance. As a result, they will try to know every detail regarding the laws that are present wherever they are. Due to their fear of breaking rules, these people will always set their own rules and follow them even if they are not applicable. People whose left hemisphere dominates will always want to fit in every situation perfectly and will therefore adjust in under different circumstances (McGilChrist, 2012). On the contrary, the right part of the brain is driven by imagination and emotions. Thus, people, whose right part of the brain dominates, learn well by attaching emotions to various aspects. When they have no emotional attachment to something, it becomes difficult for them to remember it. In many instances, they do not give much thought to the repercussions of their emotional attachments. Considering various differences existing between the two hemispheres of the brain, it should be noted that they have several similarities. Notably, both parts of the brain execute their functions with a high degree of interdependency. Information like sensory observations is transmitted equally between the two hemispheres of the brain (Gazzaniga, 2000).Advertising Looking for term paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In fact, it has been proved that people whose one part of the brain has been removed due to sickness usually recover and carry out their daily chores effectively. This implies that the remaining part of the brain takes up the functions of the other part. However, it should be stated that there are some differences in the way these people behave. As far as the structure of the brain is concerned, the two hemispheres are almost the same. They are also connected by nerve fibers to enhance communication between the two. References Al Ghraibeh, A. M. (2012). Brain Based Learning and its relation with Multiple Intelligences. International journal of Psychological Studies, 4(1), 103-113. Annett, M. (2013). Handedness and Brain Asymmetry: The Right Shift Theory. Oxford, England: Psychology Press. Darvas, G. (2007). Symmetry: Cultural-historical and Ontological Aspects of Science-Arts Relations; the Natural and Man-Made World in an Interdisciplinary approach. New York, NY: Springer. Gazzanig a, M. S. (2000). Cerebral Specialization and Interhemispheric Communication: Does the Corpus Callosum Enable the Human Condition? Brain Journal of Neurology, 123(7), 1293-1326. Luys, J. B. (2012). The Brain and Its Functions. Memphis, TN: General Books LLC. McGilchrist, A. (2012). The Master and His Emissary: The Divided Brain and the Making of the Western World. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Mildner, V. (2008). The Cognitive Neuroscience of Human Communication. New York, NY: Taylor Francis. Noite, J. (2008). The Human Brain: with Student Consult Online Access. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsivier Health Sciences. Northoff, G. (2004). Philosophy of the Brain: The Brain Problem. Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing. Nunez, P. L. (2010). Brain, Mind, and the Structure of Reality. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.

Pirates, Privateers, Buccaneers, and Corsairs

Pirates, Privateers, Buccaneers, and Corsairs Pirate, privateer, corsair, buccaneer: All of these words can refer to a person who engages in high-seas thievery, but whats the difference? Heres a handy reference guide to clear things up. Pirates Pirates are men and women who attack ships or coastal towns in an attempt to rob them or capture prisoners for ransom. Essentially, they are thieves with a boat. Pirates do not discriminate when it comes to their victims. Any nationality is fair game. They do not have the (overt) support of any legitimate nation and generally are outlaws wherever they go. Because of the nature of their trade, pirates tend to use violence and intimidation more than regular thieves. Forget about the romantic pirates of the movies: pirates were (and are) ruthless men and women driven to piracy by need. Famous historical pirates include Blackbeard, Black Bart Roberts, Anne Bonny, and Mary Read. Privateers Privateers were men and ships in the semi-employ of a nation which was at war. Privateers were private ships encouraged to attack enemy ships, ports and interests. They had the official sanction and protection of the sponsoring nation and had to share a portion of the plunder. One of the most famous privateers was Captain Henry Morgan, who fought for England against Spain in the 1660s and 1670s. With a privateering commission, Morgan sacked several Spanish towns, including Portobello and Panama City. He shared his plunder with England and lived out his days in honor in Port Royal. A privateer like Morgan would never have attacked ships or ports belonging to another nation besides the one on his commission and would never have attacked any English interests under any circumstances. This is primarily what differentiates privateers from pirates. Buccaneers The Buccaneers were a specific group of privateers and pirates who were active in the late 1600s. The word comes from the French boucan, which was smoked meat made by hunters on Hispaniola out of the wild pigs and cattle there. These men set up a business of selling their smoked meat to passing ships  but soon realized that there was more money to be made in piracy. They were rugged, tough men who could survive hard conditions and shoot well with their rifles, and they soon became adept at waylaying passing ships. They became greatly in demand for French and English privateer ships, then fighting the Spanish. Buccaneers generally attacked towns from the sea and rarely engaged in open-water piracy. Many of the men who fought alongside Captain Henry Morgan were buccaneers. By 1700 or so their way of life was dying out and before long they were gone as a socio-ethnic group. Corsairs Corsair is a word in English applied to foreign privateers, generally either Muslim or French. The Barbary pirates, Muslims who terrorized the Mediterranean from the 14th until the 19th centuries, were often referred to as corsairs because they did not attack Muslim ships and often sold prisoners into slavery. During the Golden Age of Piracy, French privateers were referred to as corsairs. It was a very negative term in English at the time. In 1668, Henry Morgan was deeply offended when a Spanish official called him a corsair (of course, he had just sacked the city of Portobello and was demanding a ransom for not burning it to the ground, so maybe the Spanish were offended, too). Sources: Cawthorne, Nigel. A History of Pirates: Blood and Thunder on the High Seas. Edison: Chartwell Books, 2005.Cordingly, David. New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks, 1996Defoe, Daniel. (Captain Charles Johnson) A General History of the Pyrates. Edited by Manuel Schonhorn. Mineola: Dover Publications, 1972/1999.Earle, Peter. New York: St. Martins Press, 1981.Konstam, Angus. The World Atlas of Pirates. Guilford: the Lyons Press, 2009

Manta rays Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Manta rays - Research Paper Example This huge ray has an incredibly slow growth rate, which presents a real problem for their struggling population. Interactions with people can be destructive for Manta birostris because of this, for many fishermen utilize them for their fins and meat. The fate of the manta ray is undecided, and relies almost entirely on the human race. â€Å"As manta rays move through their aquatic environment, they process information through many different sensory channels allowing for a complex repertoire of signals and behaviors to be used for finding food, mates, escaping predators, and to facilitate social interactions with conspecifics.† (Deakos,  M. 2011). Records state that manta rays can grow anywhere from 20-30 feet in length. That is, from the tip of one ‘wing’ to the other. The largest batoid fish on the planet, Manta birostris has a lot to live up to. It does this just fine by not only being the largest of its order, but by also being one of the largest fish in the world’s oceans. Their color can vary from shades of green to pure black. Each individual has mottles and spots around the abdominal area, and the shades of solid color can vary over the head and back of each animal. Their underbellies are pale, ranging from white to off-white, which makes the black speckles and mottled dots easy to distinguish. Biologists use these speckles and spots in order to identify each manta ray, and have a catalogue of individuals. Wounds and scars are also occasionally used, but after 12 months many of these heal. Chunks out of ‘wings’ or other missing parts are better to use as an identification tool. Aside from their coloring, manta rays have a long tail that grows thinner and thinner until it reaches the tip. Their tails are whip-like at the end and have a shorter length than that of their body. A manta ray’s tail is harmless, however, and has no spines or stingers. The tails, while short, are thought to help in direction, like a rudder on a ship. On the other side of their body, inside the mouth, both male and female manta rays have 300 rows of tiny teeth. The teeth have flat tops and edges, and are not used in feeding. Manta rays are filter feeders, and have no reason to chew their food. What the teeth are used for has been a baffling topic for biologists all over the world. Because so little is known about the manta ray, even small things such as teeth remain a mystery. One theory is that they are used in combat by males and females alike. ‘Combat’ can mean anything from defending territory to defending a mate. Manta birostris is found in all the world’s oceans. These include the Pacific, the Atlantic, the Artic, the Southern, and the Indian oceans. How many and what species occur in what oceans has yet to be discovered. There could well be even more species of manta ray that haven’t been discovered yet. Despite their gigantic size, manta rays prefer shallower inshore waters close to reefs and rocky areas as opposed to the deeper parts of the oceans. They use the more open areas of these shallower places to gracefully glide through the water. Some species of ray may travel into the depths in order to migrate, although evidence of this fact is scattered and not well documented. What little documentation there is, however, is very valuable. â€Å"An analysis of 79 underwater photographs of Manta birostris gathered over a period of nine years in a marine protected area suggests a high predictability of manta ray occurrences in the region during the austral winter